Semester 4

Profile:

1. Asks questions and gives answers at the airport

2. Can use have to, used to, and would when talking in groups

3. Gives opinions using future

4. Explains adjectives and adverbs in comparative and superlative

5. Writes about a trip and dish preparation

6. Uses over 5 phrasal verbs when giving opinions

7. Gives comments using future perfect and progressive forms

8. Has a good command of linking words.

9. Writes essays

10. Speaks using Wish and participle clauses in many ways

Content:

7.6    Pronunciation: At the airport

 

Service agent: Good morning. Can I have your ticket, please?

Passenger: Here you are.

Service agent: Would you like a window or an aisle seat?

Passenger: An aisle seat, please.

Service agent: Do you have any baggage?

Passenger: Yes, this suitcase and this carry-on bag.

Service agent: Here's your boarding pass. Have a nice flight.

Passenger: Thank you.

Going through Security

After you've checked in, you'll need to go through airport security. It's important to follow instructions carefully and understand these requests:

Please step through the scanner - Asked when you are passing through metal detectors at the airport.

Please step to the side - Asked if a security officer needs to question you further.

Please raise your arms to the side - Asked when you are inside a scanner.

Empty your pockets, please.

Please take off your shoes and belt.

Please take any electronic devices out of your bag.

 

Things move quickly at an airport once you reach the security checkpoint. Use this dialogue practice to help you speed through the process.

Security officer: Next!

Passenger: Here's my ticket.

Security officer: Please step through the scanner.

Passenger: (beep, beep, beep) What's wrong?

Security officer: Please step to the side.

Passenger: Certainly.

Security officer: Do you have any coins in your pocket?

Passenger: No, but I have some keys.

Security officer: Ah, that's the problem. Put your keys in this bin and walk through the scanner again.

Passenger: OK.

Security officer: Excellent. No problem. Remember to unload your pockets before you go through security next time.

Passenger: I'll do that. Thank you.

Security officer: Have a nice day.

 

Passport Control and Customs

If you take an international flight, you'll have to pass through passport control and customs. Here are some of the most common questions you can expect:

Can I see your passport?

Are you a tourist or here on business? - Asked at customs to determine the purpose of your visit.

Do you have anything to declare? - Sometimes people need to declare things they have bought in other countries.

Have you brought any food into the country? - Some countries do not allow certain foods to be brought into the country.

 

Passport official: Good morning. Can I see your passport?

Passenger: Here you are.

Passport official: Thank you very much. Are you a tourist or here on business?

Passenger: I'm a tourist.

Passport official: That's fine. Have a pleasant stay.

Passenger: Thank you.

Customs official: Good morning. Do you have anything to declare?

Passenger: I'm not sure. I have two bottles of whiskey. Do I need to declare that?

Customs official: No, you can have up to 2 quarts.

Passenger: Great.

Customs official: Have you brought any food into the country?

Passenger: Just some cheese I bought in France.

Customs official: I'm afraid I'll have to take that.

Passenger: Why? It's just some cheese.

Customs official: Unfortunately, you are not allowed to bring cheese into the country. I'm sorry.

Passenger: OK. Here you are.

Customs official: Thank you. Anything else?

Passenger: I bought a T-shirt for my daughter.

Customs official: That's fine. Have a nice day.

Passenger: You, too.

 

7.7    Write a short dialogue: At Miami international airport

7.8    Write a short dialogue: At Dallas Fort Worth international airport

7.9    Used to - have to

8.0    Would - would like - would love 

8.1    Future: present simple - present progressive - will - going to

8.2    Adjective - Comparative

8.3    Adjective - Superlative

8.4    Adverb - comparative - superlative

8.5    Write about a trip plan using the previouos content: My trip to Cuzco, Peru in two months

8.6    Imperatives. Write how to make some food using around four imperatives.

8.7    Phrasal verbs

 

 Common Phrasal Verbs

1 To call around

To contact multiple people.

Example: Roy called around to find a nearby mechanic.

2 To call [x] off

To cancel.

Example: We called the party off. or We called off the party.

3 To check [x] out

To verify a person or thing. When regarding a person, this phrase can also be flirtatious. 

Example: I’ll check the contract out. or I’ll check out the contract. 

4 To clean [x] up

To clean a general area.

Example: John cleaned the living room up. or John cleaned up the living room. 

5 To dive into

To occupy oneself with something.

Example: I’ll dive into that new TV show later tonight.

6 To dress up

To wear nice clothes.

Example: Abed dressed up for the presentation.

7 To end up

To eventually become a certain way, or find oneself in a situation.

Example: He ended up taking the job.

8 To fill [x] up

To fill something completely.

Example: Bruce filled his wine glass up. or Bruce filled up his wine glass.

9 To find out

To discover.

Example: Let me know when you find out the answer.

10 To get [x] back

To have something returned.

Example: Rodger got his pencil back from Lenny. or Rodger got back his pencil from Lenny. 

11 To get away with

To escape punishment or some other unpleasantness.

Example: Shirley got away with cheating on the test.

12 To get along

To be friendly with one another.

Example: Franny gets along with Kristin. 

13 To give [x] away

To donate something or to give it up for free.

Example: Mindy gave her prized doll collection away. or Mindy gave away her prized doll collection.

14 To give up

To accept defeat.

Example: Carin felt like giving up.

15 To give [x] up

To cease consuming or doing something, often a habit.

Example: Merlin gave chocolate up or Merlin gave up chocolate.

16 To go over

To review.

Example: Marie went over the writing assignment.

17 To leave [x] out

To omit.

Example: Rosie left the graph out of the presentation. or Rosie left out the graph from the presentation.

18 To let [x] down

To disappoint somebody.

Example:Sally let Mark down when she showed up late.

19 To look after

To take care of someone or something.

Example: Thank you for looking after me when I was sick. 

20 To pull [x] up

To bring up bring something nearer.

Example: Eugene pulled the document up on his computer. or Eugene pulled up the document on his computer.

21 To put [x] on

To add something to your person or an object. 

Example: I always put my backpack on before leaving the house. or I always put on my backpack before leaving the house. 

22 To put up with

To tolerate or condone.

Example: Jeff put up with Janice’s cynical attitude. 

23 To run out of

To drain the supply of something.

Example: Maria ran out of paper towels and had to go to the store.

24 To see to

To make sure something is done.

Example: I’ll see to watering the plants.

25 To take after

To resemble, usually used to describe parents and their children.

Example: Li takes after his father. 

26 To take [x] out

To move something outside.

Example: Please take the garbage out before you leave. or Please take out the garbage before you leave.

27 To think [x] over

To consider something.

Example: Yosef thought Rosie’s situation over. or Yosef thought over Rosie’s situation.

28 To throw [x] away

To dispose of something.

Example: Could you throw that burrito away? or Could you throw away that burrito?

29 To top off

To fill something to the top.

Example: May I top off your beverage?

30 To wait on

To serve.

Example: Billie waited on the table of customers.

 

8.8    Write a short dialogue using 3-5 phasal verbs

8.9    Future perfect simple

9.0    All progressives 

9.1    Give a comment of two paragraphs after reading this extract

Here Are A few Tips for Public Speaking:

1. Nervousness Is Normal. Practice and Prepare!

All people feel some physiological reactions like pounding hearts and trembling hands. Do not associate these feelings with the sense that you will perform poorly or make a fool of yourself. Some nerves are good. The adrenaline rush that makes you sweat also makes you more alert and ready to give your best performance.

The best way to overcome anxiety is to prepare, prepare, and prepare some more. Take the time to go over your notes several times. Once you have become comfortable with the material, practice—a lot. Videotape yourself, or get a friend to critique your performance.

2. Know Your Audience. Your Speech Is About Them, Not You.

Before you begin to craft your message, consider who the message is intended for. Learn as much about your listeners as you can. This will help you determine your choice of words, level of information, organization pattern, and motivational statement.

3. Organize Your Material in the Most Effective Manner to Attain Your Purpose.

Create the framework for your speech. Write down the topic, general purpose, specific purpose, central idea, and main points. Make sure to grab the audience’s attention in the first 30 seconds.

4. Watch for Feedback and Adapt to It.

Keep the focus on the audience. Gauge their reactions, adjust your message, and stay flexible. Delivering a canned speech will guarantee that you lose the attention of or confuse even the most devoted listeners.

5. Let Your Personality Come Through.

Be yourself, don’t become a talking head—in any type of communication. You will establish better credibility if your personality shines through, and your audience will trust what you have to say if they can see you as a real person.

6. Use Humor, Tell Stories, and Use Effective Language.

Inject a funny anecdote in your presentation, and you will certainly grab your audience’s attention. Audiences generally like a personal touch in a speech. A story can provide that.

7. Don’t Read Unless You Have to. Work from an Outline.

Reading from a script or slide fractures the interpersonal connection. By maintaining eye contact with the audience, you keep the focus on yourself and your message. A brief outline can serve to jog your memory and keep you on task.

8. Use Your Voice and Hands Effectively. Omit Nervous Gestures.

Nonverbal communication carries most of the message. Good delivery does not call attention to itself, but instead conveys the speaker’s ideas clearly and without distraction.

9. Grab Attention at the Beginning, and Close with a Dynamic End.

Do you enjoy hearing a speech start with “Today I’m going to talk to you about X”? Most people don’t. Instead, use a startling statistic, an interesting anecdote, or concise quotation. Conclude your speech with a summary and a strong statement that your audience is sure to remember.

10. Use Audiovisual Aids Wisely.

Too many can break the direct connection to the audience, so use them sparingly. They should enhance or clarify your content, or capture and maintain your audience’s attention.

Practice Does Not Make Perfect

Good communication is never perfect, and nobody expects you to be perfect. However, putting in the requisite time to prepare will help you deliver a better speech. You may not be able to shake your nerves entirely, but you can learn to minimize them.

9.2    Despite, in spite of, although, even though, though

9.3    Phrases for opinions: Give examples

PHRASES FOR EXPRESSING OPINIONS 

 I feel….         I believe…. 

I think…. I suppose…. 

I guess…. According to me…. 

In my view….  In my opinion…. 

In my eyes….  It seems to me that…. 

From my perspective….  From my point of view…. 

From my view point…. As far as I’m concerned…. 

Personally, I think….  I’d like to point out that…. 

What I mean is…. Generally it is thought that…. 

Some people say that….        Well, it is considered that…. 

It is generally accepted that…. My impression is that…. 

It goes without saying that….  I hold the view that…. 

I’m of the opinion that…. 

 

PHRASES FOR EXPRESSING AGREEMENT 

 I agree…. I totally agree…. 

Definitely….          I couldn’t agree more…. 

Absolutely….  Precisely…. 

I see your point…. I see what you are getting at…. 

I’d go along with that view to a point… Sure, that’s one way of looking at it…. 

I have to side with you on this one….         I suppose so…. 

I think so too….                 I’d go along with that…. 

That’s a good point….                 I see exactly what you mean…. 

You’re right, that’s a good point….          Actually, I think you’re right…. 

That’s true….                  Well, I agree with you here…. 

You have my full agreement….         I second that….  

Ok, that’s convincing….         I take your word on it…. 

You took the words right out of my mouth… 

 

 PHRASES FOR EXPRESSING DISAGREEMENT 

 I see your point, but….                       I see what you are getting at, but…. 

That’s one way of looking at it, however….    I completely disagree….  

Well, I see things rather differently….                 Umm, I’m not sure about that….    

I’m not sure I go along with that view….        I don’t really agree with that idea…. 

I agree up to a point, but….                          You could say that, however…. 

I wouldn’t quite put it that way myself….        I still have my doubts…. 

I can’t/ couldn’t go along with that….                 That’s out of question…. 

You’ve got to be kidding….                      Well, I don’t quite agree with you…. 

I find that very difficult to accept….                     We don’t seem to agree here…. 

Not necessarily….                 That’s not always true…. 

There is no way I could agree with that….      I don’t think so…. 

No, I’m not sure about that because….         I’m afraid, I disagree….                                     We don’t seem to be in complete agreement…. 

 

PHRASES FOR EXPRESSING INTERRUPTION 

Sorry to interrupt, but…. Can I add something here…. 

Is it ok if I jump in for a moment….  If I might add something…. 

If I may interrupt….          Can I throw my two cents in…. 

Do you mind if I add something….  Umm, well not really…. 

Excuse me, but in my opinion…. Are you telling that…. 

Excuse me for a second, but…. Sorry, but I’m not done yet…. 

Let me finish what I have to say first….  May I say something here….    

Excuse me for interrupting, but….    Sorry to cut you off, but….  

Well, that reminds me that….      So, you’re telling me…. 

I don’t mean to intrude, but….  Well, if that is the case….    

Sorry, but can you let me finish…. Wait a minute….  

Before you go on, I’d like to say something….         Just a moment, I like to add something here…. 

Before you move on, I’d like to say something….    

9.4    Linking words

 Adding Information

Usage: To add to what has been previously stated

Additionally / an additional

Furthermore

Also

Too

As well as that

Along with

Besides

In addition

Moreover

In addition to this

Apart from this

Examples:

Additionally, the bus service will run on Sundays, every two hours.

He said he had not discussed the matter with her. Furthermore, he had not even contacted her.

We are unable to repair this watch. Also, this is the fourth time this has happened.

I love wearing earrings. I design and make them too.

We went to the park today. As well as that, we did some shopping.

Along with parties and parliaments, elections have lost their charm.

I can’t afford to go to the concert. Besides, I don’t really like classical music.

You haven’t paid the rent yet.  In addition, you owe me money.

The report is badly presented. Moreover, it contains inaccuracies.

John’s grades are terrible because he has been so lazy these days. In addition to this, his relationship to his parents got worse.

Apart from this paragraph, the report contains a number of sensible initiatives.

Summarizing

Usage: To sump up what has been previously stated

In conclusion

To summarize

Altogether

In short

To sum up

In summary

Briefly

To conclude

Examples:

In conclusion, walking is a cheap, safe, enjoyable and readily available form of exercise.

To summarize, this is a clever approach to a common problem.

The food was good and we loved the music. Altogether it was a great evening.

His novels belong to a great but vanished age. They are, in short, old-fashioned.

To sum up, there are three main ways of tackling the problem…

In summary, this was a disappointing performance.

Briefly, our team is now one of the best in the world.

To conclude, I want to wish you all a very happy holiday season.

Giving Examples

Usage: To provide examples

For example/ For instance

Such as

Including

Namely

In this case

Proof of this

Like

Examples:

There are many interesting places to visit in the city, for example/ for instance, the botanical garden or the art museum.

I prefer to wear casual clothes, such as jeans and a sweatshirt.

Including Christmas Day and Boxing Day, I’ve got a week off work.

We need to concentrate on our target audience, namely women aged between 20 and 30.

I think I would have made a difference in this case.

This building are a living proof of this existence, so we must preserve it.

I also make other jewellery like rings and bracelets.

Emphasizing a Point

Usage: To put forward a point or idea more forcefully

Undoubtedly

Indeed

Obviously

Particularly / in particular

Especially

Clearly

Importantly

Absolutely

Definitely

Without a doubt

Never

It should be noted

Unquestionably

Above all

Positively

Examples:

Undoubtedly, the story itself is one of the main attractions.

I don’t mind at all. Indeed, I would be delighted to help.

Obviously, we don’t want to spend too much money.

I love silver earrings, in particular ones from Mexico

The car is quite small, especially if you have children.

Clearly, this will cost a lot more than we realized.

More importantly, can he be trusted?

He’s an absolutely brilliant cook.

I definitely remember sending the letter.

We still believe we can win this series without a doubt.

I’m never surprised at what I do.

It should be noted that if you have something to note, then note it

Unquestionably, teaching has been a paramount part of his career.

Above all, this forest is designed for wear and tear.

This is positively the worst thing that I can even imagine.

Sequencing Ideas

Usage: To indicate the order of what is being said

First/ firstly (Second/ secondly, Third/ thirdly, Finally)

At this time

Following

Previously

Before

Subsequently

Above all

Lastly and most importantly

Last but not least

First and foremost

Examples:

Firstly, I prefer the train because I can see the landscape.

At this time, the young man leapt into the air and flew off towards sunset.

They arrived on Monday evening and we got there the following day.

I had visited them three days previously.

Your name is before mine on the list.

Subsequently, new guidelines were issued to all employees.

Above all, keep in touch.

Lastly, and most importantly, you should be optimistic.

Last but not least, I find I seriously cannot relate to women.

We will continue to focus on our players first and foremost.

Comparing Ideas

Usage: To show how things are similar

Similarly

Equally

Likewise

Just as

Just like

Similar to

Same as

Compare / compare(d) to(with)

By the same token

In the same way

Correspondingly

Examples:

Similarly, the basketball and hockey games draw nearly full attendance.

Equally, not all customers are honest.

Her second marriage was likewise unhappy.

She’s just as smart as her sister.

Working with housecats is just like working with lions or tigers.

Some people say I have a running style similar to him.

Having a power is not the same as using the power.

He gets the ball off quickly compared to two years ago.

Teenagers should be more respectful; by the same token, parents should be more understanding.

Alex enjoys telling jokes; in the same way/similarly/likewise,his son adores funny stories.

Correspondingly, the roles each of them played were soon different.

Contrasting Ideas

Usage: To show how things are different

Unlike

Nevertheless

On the other hand

Nonetheless

Despite / in spite of

In contrast (to)

Alternatively

Conversely

Even so

Differing from

Contrary to

Examples:

Unlike most systems, this one is very easy to install.

There is little chance that we will succeed in changing the law. Nevertheless, it is important that we try.

Laptops are convenient; On the other hand, they can be expensive.

The problems are not serious. Nonetheless, we shall need to tackle them soon.

Despite/ In spite of the rain, I went for a walk.

In contrast to the diligent bee, the butterfly flies hither and yon with no apparent purpose.

The agency will make travel arrangements for you. Alternatively, you can organize your own transport.

Northern European countries had a great summer. On the contrary/conversely, Southern Europe had poor weather.

Even so, many old friends were shocked at the announcement.

Differing from his white colleagues, he preferred instructing his scholars to the ambition of acquiring personal renown.

The situation in Ireland is quite contrary to this principle.

9.5    Essay one

9.6    Essay two

9.7    Essay three

9.8    Native speaker 'mistakes'

Native speakers often say things that don't follow the rules of standard English. This is due to regional variation, changes in formality and personal preference. Here are three typical native speaker 'mistakes':

Using past participles instead of past simple: Native speakers sometimes use a past participle instead of a past simple verb - or they forget to include 'have' to make the present perfect.

A: John, how was the test? Have you finished? B: Yeah! I done it!

Correction: A: John, how was the test? Have you finished? B: Yeah! I have done it! / I did it.

Using 'me' instead of 'I'

Native speakers sometimes use the object pronoun me instead of the subject pronoun I and put these in the wrong order.

Me and John went to the shops.

Correction: John and I went to the shops.

Splitting infinitives

Native speakers often separate the 'to' from the 'infinitive' - normally by inserting an adverb.

I need to quickly stop at the bank.

Correction: I quickly need to stop at the bank OR I need to stop at the bank quickly.

Note: A split infinitive is not always viewed as an error. Splitting an infinitive can make the meaning of your sentence clearer and more natural.

You need to really pay attention here.

I want our profits to more than double this year.

9.9    Five uses of Wish

1. Wish for a present or past that isn't real

This use of wish is for present or past situations that we want to change, but we understand that they can't.

I wish I were taller. (I am not tall)
I wish I had eaten ice-cream for breakfast this morning. (I didn’t eat ice cream for breakfast this morning)

I wish I were taller is an example of a present wish. It is ‘wish’ plus the past simple. We often use ‘were’ instead of ‘was’ for all pronouns because of the subjunctive (For example: I wish I were, I wish you were, I wish he were...). I could also say:

I wish I knew how to speak Chinese. (I don’t know how to speak Chinese.)

I wish I had eaten ice-cream for breakfast this morning is an example of a past wish. This morning is a past time; we make a past wish. ‘Wish’ is followed by the past perfect, which is had plus the past participle. That indicates true past time.

Negatives and questions are also possible:

I wish you weren't so selfish.
I wish I hadn't left my keys at work.
Do you wish you knew how to drive?
Do you wish you had worked harder at school?

2. Wish for an irritation that can change

Another common form of wish is to use ‘wish’ plus would plus the bare infinitive (verb without 'to'). And this is often in regards to other people and our irritation. For example:

I wish you would make the bed!
I wish people wouldn't throw litter on the street.

This is a present wish, but unlike the wishes I discussed before, this wish means ‘I believe you can change and something can be done.’ Compare:

I wish you would make the bed means ‘I think you can, but you don't, so please do.'
I wish you made the bed means ‘you don't and I don’t think you ever will so…’

It is extremely uncommon to use a first person ‘I’ in this form of wish. This is because we have control over our own actions ourselves, so: 

I wish I would stop talking means 'I want to stop talking, and I believe I can so why don’t I?’

However, in terms of an illness or an addiction, this form is fine. When I say 'I wish I would stop smoking' it means 'I don’t want to smoke anymore, but I can’t stop because I’m addicted.' 

3. Wish = want

Wish followed by the full infinitive (to + verb) is a formal way of saying want. It’s not very common, and only used in special circumstances, for example, when you want to make a polite formal complaint. For example: I wish to see the manager.

We can also use wish followed by ‘for’ to attach an object that you want. And this is most often used in the circumstances of magic. For example: I wish for a pizza.

4. Wish to send ‘good vibrations’

We can use the verb wish followed by two objects, the first of which is most often a pronoun, to send ‘good vibrations’ to somebody. This is more common than hope and it is used in fixed phrases such as: 

I wish you luck for your exam tomorrow.
We wish you a merry Christmas.

5. Wish for the future

This is a trick, because apart from sending good vibrations, as mentioned before, we cannot use the verb wish in this way. We need another verb, and the verb is hope. And this is usually followed by will plus the bare infinitive (verb without 'to'). So, for example:

I hope you will pass your exam.

10.0    Participle clauses

A participle is a form of a verb - either ING or Past Participle (3rd form of a verb). A participle clause is a subordinate clause which begins with a participle. They act like adverbs and are linked to the main clause of a sentence. They usually show things like event order, time, cause and effect:

Stepping on camera, I relaxed completely. (When I stepped on camera)
Filmed inside, the footage was too dark to use. (Because it was filmed inside)
Fried in lemon, the fish would taste delicious. (if the fish were fried in lemon)
Turning round slowly, I tried hard not to make a sound. (As I was turning round slowly)

It is very important to remember that participle verbs do not change their form to show tense. This actually happens in the main clause, and participle clauses usually mimic the same tense as the main clause:

Stepping on camera, I relaxed completely. (When I stepped)
Stepping on camera, I relax completely. (When I step)
Stepping on camera, I will relax completely. (When I step - future time clause)

However, it is possible to put a tense in a participle clause by itself. For example:
Knowing I was filming today, I wore a shirt.

Participle clauses often have implied subjects. This means that the subject of the participle clause is the same as the subject of the main clause and so it is omitted in the participle clause. For example:
Seeing the mistake, she corrected it immediately. (When/ because she saw)
Feeling unwell, he went to the doctor. (Because he felt unwell)

However, it is possible for a participle clause to have its own subject – and this is a little bit more formal. So, for example:
Seeing she had made the mistake, she corrected it immediately.

Be careful not to make a pariticiple clause with a confusing subject:
Seeing it fall, the tree hit me in the back. (This implies the tree saw it fall - Better to say 'As I saw it fall' or 'When I saw it fall')
Feeling weak, the boy attacked the man. (Who is feeling weak here? - Better to say 'While the man was feeling weak, the boy attacked him') 

To make a participle clause negative, we use ‘not’, and this comes before the participle verb.  So, for example:
Not knowing the baby slept, she phoned.
Not seeing the bus, the dog stepped into the road.
Not saying anything, she poured the glass of water over his head.

However, the ‘not’ can come after the participle verb depending on your meaning. So, for example:
Not knowing the baby slept, she phoned. (Because she didn't know the baby slept.)
Knowing not to call because the baby slept, she waited until the next day. (Because she knew not to call...)

To make clear that one action is finished before the action in the main clause is begun, we use Having + the past participle. And this basically works the same way as ‘because’ or ‘after’. So, compare:
Putting away the equipment, they talked about going home. (While putting away...)
Having put away the equipment, they went home. (After they had put away...)

Other examples:
Having been to France, I can speak French. (Because I have been)
Having unpacked the suitcases, she took a shower. (After unpacking.)
Having decided what to do, I made my move. (Because I had decided)

Finally, all sorts of prepositions can sit before the participle verb to further emphasise or clarify events’ order, time, cause and effect. Words like after, before, since, while and with. So for example:

After eating, we sat on the couch.
Before leaving for work, they watched TV.
While waiting, I thought about my family.
Since coming to England, I have met a lot of new people.
By practising every day, she passed her driving test. (Because she practised - this describes the method)
Without knowing it, I had ruined everything. (Although I didn't know it)